Global health security’ emerged in the last decade, framing reactions to new risks posed by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. These include Ebola and the threat of pandemic influenza. Linked to concepts of national security (eg military security and border protection), security approaches justify short-term interventions to contain problems. Responses often focus more on protecting the global North against threats from the global South than on long term solutions to the problems of weak or non-existent health systems. We start from a concern that the current health security paradigm is too security focused and misses 'social' and human security. This project explores

• The changing languages of security in global health policy. We will look at the permutations of security as an objective of global and national governance of health. In the 1990s solidarity-based social security models broadened into the UNDP’s developmental aims of ‘human security’. The latter stressed both individual security and universal objectives – the building of collective capabilities. These concepts of security have been displaced in the recent turn towards national security.

• The meanings of these concepts at country level: a) what do people in an affected country think? b) How does the global debate shape the way agendas play out on the ground? c) How have perceived external threats reshaped the politics of health and welfare in wealthier countries?

The project contributes towards a new concept of global health security built on long term solutions, driven by local initiatives linked to sustainable development and global health solidarity.

International migration constitutes one of the fields with the most pressing need for international cooperation today. Since the 1990s, multilateral initiatives attempting to address migration have proliferated. Frequently, however, they remain based on soft law frameworks or operational activities deployed by international and non-governmental organizations. In terms of developing an international regime for the regulation of migration flows, these initiatives remain hesitant at best, reflecting most countries' reluctance to tie their hands to new and binding international norms that potentially encroach upon the sensitive issue of national sovereignty. In the meantime, cooperation at the regional level has developed more dynamically. As a result, today we count formal schemes on regional mobility as well as regional consultation processes on international migration more broadly on all continents. Based on long-standing cooperation between the two applicants, this project intends to move the comparative analysis of regional migration governance in its multilateral context ahead, focusing on three main aspects: 1. The interplay between regional cooperation and multilateral institutions and initiatives; 2. The links and mutual influences between different regional cooperation settings, which could indicate elements of an emerging cross-regional consensus; and 3. The comparison across regional initiatives in order to establish a base of knowledge on existing commonalities and differences. We will address this research agenda through various channels, including cooperation in teaching; joint publications; the organization of an (externally funded) international workshop bringing together representatives from pertinent international and regional organisations as well as renowned and junior scholars; and cooperation in the development of a joint Research project as well as an annual summer school on Global and Regional Migration Governance.

Diabetes is a major health problem in the developed world and studies over the last decades have shown that causality and manifestation of the disease are complex. Recently, certain lipids have been implicated in disease etiology, but their precise roles are unknown. In order to obtain a more global picture and identify more precise correlations it is necessary to perform systematic studies. The James lab in Sydney has pioneered systematic studies of diabetes and the Riezman lab has developed the technology to do systematic lipidomics, which they are applying in the context of type 2 diabetes (Sinergia grant, SNSF). It is important to combine these two innovative technologies to study type 2 diabetes and therefore, requires extended visits between the two laboratories to exchange information and plan out future collaborations. Both laboratories are highly regarded internationally, have generous support through their research grants and can contribute the personnel to do the experiments. However, travel money for the necessary networking is lacking. Therefore, support for the project through this instrument will be crucial to start the project. In addition, the newly created Faculty Center for Diabetes at the University of Geneva, to which the Riezman lab is associated, will benefit from the visit of David James in Geneva, both through discussions, but also through increased visibility.